We know of many cultures that have riddle-poem traditions. The best-documented, and the one we'll be taking our model from, is the riddle-poem tradition of the Anglo-Saxons, the Vikings, and the Teutons. These peoples of the Dark Ages played the riddle-game around their hearth-fires for more than five hundred years. Some of their riddles have come down to us.
Basic Riddle-Poem Construction
Here's an example of a riddle-poem in modern English in very traditional style and subject:
Riddle: A hoard of rings am I,
but no fit gift for a bride;
I await a sword's kiss.
Answer: A suit of chain-mail.
Note that it doesn't rhyme. Rhyme is nice in a riddle-poem, but strong rhythm (what poets call good scansion) is better. Actually, traditional riddle-poems hardly employed rhyme for structure at all; they used an elaborate set of stress rules and a technique called alliteration which we'll describe later on.
Rhythm --- speech rhythm --- is all-important. In composing riddle-poems that sound good, a bit of role-playing helps. When you're working on one, try to imagine yourself chanting it to a hall-full of drunken Vikings. Do they pound the tables and roar? Do they laugh? Or do they just plain not get it?
How to Make a Riddle-Poem
Work backwards. First, pick your answer. Then, imagine it speaking to you; describing itself, telling you what it does. Then make that into a little poem.
As I was thinking about the last paragraph, my eyes lit on the telephone beside my keyboard. I decided to make a riddle-poem for which telephone is the answer.
So I imagine the phone speaking to me. It says I carry the voices of people over many miles. That's a good start, but it's not specific enough; it could apply to a radio as well.
What distinguishes a phone from a radio? Wires. But if I mention wires directly, the riddle will be too obvious. So I think instead about what a phone looks like, analogizing it to a body. And I have it:
Riddle: One ear, one mouth, no legs,
But I will carry your voice a thousand miles.
This is pretty nice. But the scansion in the second line is not quite right.
_ / _ / _ _ / _ / _ /
But I will carry your voice a thousand miles.
This is close to iambic pentameter. It could be improved by a one-syllable verb replacement for carry. There are lots of possibilities; take, waft, send, bear. I like bear for its archaic sound. And so we have it:
/ / / / / /
One ear, || one mouth, || no legs,
_ / _ / _ / _ / _ /
But I || will bear || your voice || a thou- || sand miles.
This is an easy riddle, but the construction worked well. In general, these are the steps you'll usually go through:
- Pick a subject.
- Imagine the subject speaking to you.
- If that doesn't work, analogize the subject to a body or creature.
- Adjust the description to the level of difficulty you want.
- For best poetic effect, fix the scansion in the result.